桥梁英语文章.docVIP

辽宁工业大学本科生论文翻译题目名称 Bridge Construction Techniques 桥梁施工方法 学院：土木建筑工程学院 专业： 道桥专业： 学生： 指导教师： 完成日期：2012.4指导教师意见：成绩： 评定教师： 2012 年04 月7 日 Bridge Construction Techniques The final cost of a bridge is the sum of the cost of permanent materialsthe proportionatecost to the project of plant and temporary works and the cost of labor .The cost of permanentmaterials can be estimated reasonably correctly.With experiencea bridge contractor can dealcompletely with cost of plant and temporary works .But the labor cost does not lend itself toexact analysis .Recent competitive designs have attempted to introduce innovations inconstruction methods with a view to effect economy in the cost on labor by reducing temporaryworks and by minimizing the duration of site work. The suitable techniques of construction of bridge superstructure will vary from site tositeand will depend on the spans and length of the bridge type of the bridgematerials used andsite conditions. For instance cast-in-site concrete construction could be adopted for short spansup to 40 m if the river bed is dry for a considerate portion of the year whereas free cantileverconstruction with prestressed concrete decking would be appropriate for long spans in rivers withnavigational requirements. The current trend is towards the avoidance of staging as much aspossible and to use precast or prefabricated components to maximum extent.Also constructionmachinery such as cranes and launching girders are coming into wider use . These are greatersavings to be effected by paying attention to the method of construction even from the designstage than by attacking permanent materials . Short Span Bridges For bridges involving spans up to 40 m the superstructure may be built on stagingsupported on the ground . Alternatively the girders may be precast for the full span length anderected using launching girders or cranesif the bridge has many equal spans.In the latterprocedure the additional cost on erection equipment should be less than