chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学 Morphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. Morphology falls into two categories: inflectional morphology (study of inflections) and lexical/derivational morphology (study of word formation). Basic units of meaning Morphemes 形位 Words Word groups Clauses Sentences Words Vocabulary: A list of words for a language. Lexicology( 词典学)： Subdiscipline of semantics that investigates and describes the structure of the vocabulary of a language. Lexicon（某语言或学科、某人或群体使用的）全部词汇: A list of words for a language; its morphological (forms) and semantic (meanings) aspects. Definitions of Word A word is a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. Three main senses of “word” are usually distinguished (though terminology varies): Three main senses of “word” 1 1. A physically definable unit；a series of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks. (形体可定义的单元)： -- Phonological: They are friends. --Orthographic: Theyre friends. Three main senses of “word” 2 2. The common factor underlying a set of forms（隐含于一组词形中的共同因素), which are plainly variants of the same unit, such as walk, walks, walking, walked. The underlying unit is often referred to as a lexeme词位, which is a unit of vocabulary, an item listed in a dictionary (a lexical item). Three main senses of “word” 2 (add) Lexeme(词位) In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term word, the term lexeme is used by some linguists to refer to the minimal distinctive unit in the semantic system of a language. The lexeme is thus postulated as the abstract unit underlying such sets of grammatical variants as walk, walks, walking, walked, or big, bigger, biggest. Idiomatic phrases, by this definition, are also considered lexemes (e.g. kick the bucket (= “die”)). Lexemes are the units which are conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate