计算机英语讲案学习.ppt

Computer English Unit 3 Computer Language and programming (计算机语言与编程) *计算机专业英语 Chapter 2 Organization of Computers * Ⅰ. Introduction Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. 计算机科学中的程序设计语言就是用于编写计算机可以运行的指令序列 (即计算机程序) 的人工语言。类似于诸如英语这样的自然语言，程序设计语言也有词汇、语法和语义。 Section A Programming Language (程序设计语言） However，natural languages are not suited for programming in computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rulers for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise. 然而，自然语言不适合于计算机的编程，因为它们很含糊，即它们的词汇和语法结构可用多种方式来解释。可用于计算机的编程的语言必须具有简单的逻辑结构， 并且它们的语法、拼写和标点规则必须很精确。 Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility . Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance， programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications. 各种程序设计语言的复杂度和通用性相差很大。有些程序设计语言是专为处理某种计算问题或专门用于某种特定模型的计算机上而编写的。例如，程序设计语言FORTRAN和COBOL 是专门为解决某类程序设计问题而编写的—FORTRAN用于科学应用，COBOL用于商业应用。 Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as machine language, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly used programming language are highly portable and can be used t