《微生物检验基础知识》-PPT.ppt

* * DisinfectionThe purpose of the disinfection is to ensure the destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms. Disinfection does not necessarily mean that resistant spores are destroyed. The total number of micro-organisms is reduced by disinfection, which reduces the risk of contamination generally. The requirements depends on purpose. Many disinfectants are available on the market. They are intended for different purposes, such as disinfection of hands, inanimate objects such as laboratory benches etc. The effectiveness of chemical disinfection depends on the concentration, time and temperature. The result is also influenced by the pH, the water hardness and the quantity of organic material (soil or detergent). A number of different chemical disinfectants are available on the market. The most common ones are based on halogens, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, quarternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, amphoterics or various alcohols. One feature common to all of them is their effect on vegetative micro-organisms. However, most disinfectants are restricted to being highly effective against certain groups of vegetative organisms, such as Gram negative or Gram positive bacteria. Certain disinfectants can also be used for sterilization, provided that they are also effective against spores. These include chlorine, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Many chemical disinfectants are formulated products, and the manufacturers recommendations in respect to concentration, time and temperature should be adhered to. Chemical disinfection is usually performed cold. TM-00027:83 巴氏消毒法 低温长时间 61-65℃ 30min 90％细菌、全部病原菌 啤酒、葡萄酒、牛奶等 高温短时间 71-72℃ 15min 超高温瞬时 ＞132 1-2s a.不同的微生物或同种微生物的不同菌龄对高温的敏感性不同。多数微生物的营养体和病毒在50~65℃，10分钟就会被杀死；但各种孢子、特别是芽孢最能抗热，其中抗热性最强的是嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌，要在121℃，12分钟才被杀死。对同种微生物来讲，幼龄菌比老龄菌对热更敏感。 b.微生物的数量多少显然会影响灭菌的效果，数量越多，热死时间越长。 c.培养基的成分与组成也会影响灭菌效果。一般地讲，蛋白质、糖或脂肪存在，则提高抗热性，pH在7附近，抗热性最强，偏向两极，则抗热能力下降，而不同的盐类可能对灭菌产生不同的影响；固体培养基要比液体培养基灭菌时间长。 消毒防腐剂 a.作用原理： ? 使病原微生物蛋白质变性或凝固，发生沉