微生物课件-第9章.pptVIP

第9章 传染与免疫;疾病： 生物体在一定条件下，由致病因素引起的病理状态。 非传染性：生理性、遗传性、癌症、机械损伤 传染性： 微生物病原：病毒、细菌、真菌、原生 动物 寄生虫 节肢动物;有2000种以上的微生物跟人类疾病有关，世界上每年有130万人死于感染性疾病。10 种最主要的感染性疾病;一些重要的传染病病原菌及疾病： 鼠疫耶尔森氏菌（Yersina petis) 霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae) 麻风分枝杆菌(Mycobbacterium leprae) 脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌(Neisseria meningitisis) 淋病奈瑟氏球菌(N. gonorrhoeae) 结核分支杆菌(Mycobactererium tuberculosis) 伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi) 痢疾志贺氏菌(Shigella deysenteria) 梅毒密螺旋体(Treponema pallidum) 人类免疫缺陷性疾病(HIV) 大肠杆菌 O-157：H7 幽门螺杆菌病 肝炎病毒、狂犬病毒、登革热病毒、埃博拉热、SARS 疯牛病、莱姆病 ;;本章主要内容：;一、传染与传染病;Host-Pathogen-Environment Interaction:Disease outbreak;（一）病原体;1）吸附和侵入能力：;2）繁殖与扩散能力：;b、胶原酶;3）对宿主防御机能的抵抗能力：;（2）毒素(toxin);1mg肉毒毒素纯品可杀死2亿只小鼠或一百万只豚鼠，中毒的死亡率几近100%。 1mg破伤风毒素可杀死100万只小鼠 1mg白喉毒素可杀死1000只豚鼠。;类毒素（toxoid）： 用0.3-0.4%甲醛处理外毒素，使其毒性完全丧失，但仍保持抗原性，这种经处理的外毒素为类毒素。;作用于白细胞、血小板、补体系统、凝血系统等多种细胞和体液系统，引起发热、白细胞增多、血压下降及微循环障碍，有多方面复杂作用，但相对毒性较弱。;外毒素与内毒素的比较;3、病原菌感染的途径(p288);（一）病原体;（二） 宿主的免疫力 非特异性免疫 特异性免疫;（三）环境因素;三、传染的三种可能结局(p290);举例: Superspreading SARS Events, Beijing, 2003 Emerging Infectious Disease,2004,2,256-260;A 62-year-old woman (patient A) was admitted to a specialty hospital in Beijing for treatment of diabetes mellitus on February 5, 2003. The hospital treated a SARS patient in late March 2003, but specific contacts between that patient and patient A have not been identified. On April 5, 2003, fever and headache developed in patient A. Her leukocyte count was 6.4 x109/L, and chest x-ray showed bilateral infiltrates with pleural effusion. She was treated for possible tuberculosis. Her clinical condition deteriorated, and she died April 12. On the same day, fever and chest x-ray abnormalities developed in eight of her relatives, including her husband, sons, daughters, and son-in-law, and they were diagnosed as having probable SARS ;Patient A had 74 close contacts, including 25 healthcare workers, 11 relatives, 36 patients who were hospitalized in the same ward, 2 persons who were accompanying other patients on the same ward. Among the close co