商学新书圣诞礼物折现48.pptVIP

商學新書：聖誕禮物「折現」最好 大公報 ? [2009-12-07] 聖誕節在美國，互贈禮物被視為聯絡感情、表達關懷的最好手法，故禮物支出每年高達約650億美元，也是經濟的寒暑表。 賓州大學華頓商學院教授Joel Waldfogel在他的著作《吝嗇鬼經濟學：節日不該送禮的理由》(Scroogenomics : Why You Shouldn‘t Buy Presents for the Holidays)一書中指出，聖誕節送禮是「集體價值毀滅行為」。 他表示，在發達國家，送禮慶祝聖誕節，每年讓價值就這樣蒸發掉250億美元，收到禮的人，跟自己買給自己的禮物相比，價值少20%，很多禮物其實不適合收禮人。 商學新書：聖誕禮物「折現」最好 送禮與親密性成正比 送禮人若與收禮的人不常往來，其送禮的價值，比其雙方常接觸來得更低。他續指出，要消弭這種價值浪費，方法之一是乾脆送現金，這樣收禮的人可以自由選擇去買別的東西。不過他承認習俗上送現金給人會令收者不悅。 送禮的文化不太可能完全廢除，因此他建議，對於熟的人，要送貼心的禮，若是對不常往來的人，送賀卡是好方式。 資料來源﹕ /2009/12/07/FI0912070024.htm Welfare Effects of A Price Ceiling Price Ceiling: the highest price that a firm can legally charge. Because of the price ceiling, consumers can buy the good at a lower price but cannot buy as much of it as they would like. ? 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-* ? 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9–* Comparing Both Types of Policies: Trade Allow free trade: Any firm can sell in this country without restrictions. Ban all imports: The government sets a quota of zero on imports. Set a positive quota: The government limits imports to . Set a tariff: The government imposes a tax called a tariff (or a duty) on only imported goods. Free Trade Versus A Ban On Imports Equation 9.3: Equation 9.4: Because the supply curve foreigners face is horizontal at the world price of $14.70, the total U.S. supply curve of crude oil is S1 when there is free trade. The free-trade equilibrium is e1. ? 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-* ? 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-* Figure 9.8Loss from Eliminating Free Trade Free Trade Versus A Ban On Imports With a ban on imports, the equilibrium e2 occurs where the domestic supply curve, Sa = S2, intersects D. The ban increases producer surplus by B = $132.5 million per day and decreases consumer surplus by B + C = $163.7 million per day, so the deadweight loss is C = $31.2 million per day or $11.4 billion per year. ? 2008 Pearson Addison Wesle