新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版Morphology.ppt

Chapter 3 Morphology Definition: Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Open class word and closed class word Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik（奇装异服言行乖僻的人, 垮了的一代）(a member of the Beat Generation), email, internet, “做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese. Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. Morpheme（词素）--the minimal unit of meaning ---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism （反对国家对教会不予承认论） Affix Prefix ---- morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc. Free morpheme bound morpheme Free morpheme（自由词素）----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme(粘着词素)----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They cannot stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc. Allomorph[?l?,m?rf]?(词素变体) Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme. e.g. The indefiniteness morpheme a bag an apple Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of indefinite morpheme. e.g. The plural morphe