阅读教程 基础篇2 第四版 教参unit4 T Leadership.docVIP

PAGE PAGE 9 Unit 4 领导才能 Related Background Information 1. Leadership’s relation with management Some commentators link leadership closely with the idea of management. Some regard the two as synonymous, and others consider management a subset of leadership. If one accepts this premise, one can view leadership as: ⊙ centralized or decentralized ⊙ broad or focused ⊙ decision-oriented or morale-centered ⊙ intrinsic or derived from some authority Any of the bipolar (有两极的, 双极的)labels traditionally ascribed to management style could also apply to leadership style. Hersey and Blanchard use this approach: they claim that management merely consists of leadership applied to business situations; or in other words: management forms a sub-set of the broader process of leadership. They put it this way: “Leadership occurs any time one attempts to influence the behavior of an individual or group, regardless of the reason... Management is a kind of leadership in which the achievement of organizational goals is paramount.” (Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. : 1982 : page 3) However, a clear distinction between management and leadership may nevertheless prove useful. This would allow for a reciprocal (互惠的) relationship between leadership and management, implying that an effective manager should possess leadership skills, and an effective leader should demonstrate management skills. One clear distinction could provide the following definition: ⊙ Management involves power by position. ⊙ Leadership involves power by influence. Abraham Zaleznik (1977), for example, delineated (描绘) differences between leadership and management. He saw leaders as inspiring visionaries, concerned about substance; while managers he views as planners who have concerns with process. Warren Bennis (1989) further explicated (说明) a dichotomy (二分法，分裂 ) between managers and leaders. He drew twelve distinctions between the two groups: ⊙ Managers administer, leaders innovate ⊙ Managers ask how and when, leaders as