土木工程专业英语教程 教学课件 ppt 作者 姜晨光 主编第7章 水利工程学.pptVIP

7 Hydraulic Engineering（水利工程学） 7.1 Introduction Global freshwater resources comprise 1 million cubic miles. Most of this water is in groundwater, less than 1/2 mile deep within the earth. Of this resource, only 30,300 cubic miles reside in freshwater lakes and streams. However, all of this water is in a continuous movement known as the “hydrologic cycle.” The dynamic nature of this movement is quite variable. The response time of urban runoff is minutes to hours and the average residence time of atmospheric moisture is a little more than 9 days, while the global average residence time of freshwater in streams is approximately 10 days, and that of groundwater is 2 weeks to 10,000 years. As the field of hydraulic engineering enters the third millennium, more noticeable water resources impacts on society are expected. These impacts result from increasing world population, political and economic instabilities, and possibly anthropogenic-driven climatic changes. Because of the diversity of the amounts of water involved, the variability of the response times, and the myriad of water uses, civil engineers must deal with a multitude of physical and management water problems. Some of these problems are water supply for cities, industries, and agriculture; drainage of urban areas; and the collection of used water. Other problems deal with flows in rivers, channels, and estuaries; and flood protection; while others are concerned with oceans and lakes, hydropower generation, water transportation, etc. Although the emphasis of this section is on water quantity, some aspects of water quality are considered. Because of the multitude of different types of problems, hydraulic engineering is subdivided into a number of specialties, many of which are the object of separate chapters in this section. These specialties all have fluid mechanics as a common basis. Because the concern is with water, there is little interest in gases, and the fundamental science is hydraulics, which is the