自动化专业英语 第三版课件 教学课件 ppt 作者 王树青 主编lesson 1.1.pptVIP

1. Illustrative Example * that is, the temperature variations are small enough that the temperature dependence of ρ can be neglected. Under these conditions the volume V of liquid in the tank remains constant. It is assumed that the inlet and outlet flow rates are identical (相同的) and that the liquid density ρ (rho) remains consant, 假设输入和输出流量率是相等的，并且液体密度保持恒定 也就是说温度变化足够小，密度对温度的影响可以忽略不计 在这些条件下，槽内液体的体积保持恒定 1. Illustrative Example The control objective for the stirred-tank heater is to keep the exit temperature T at a constant reference value TR. * The reference value (参考值，给定值) is referred to as a set point (设定值，给定值) in control terminology (术语). Next we consider two questions. Question 1: How much heat must be supplied to the stirred-tank-heater to heat the liquid from an inlet temperature Ti to an exit temperature TR? 加热搅拌器的控制目标是保持输出温度T在一个恒定参考值TR上 在控制术语中，参考值指的是给定值. 下面我们考虑两个问题 把加热搅拌器内的液体从输入温度Ti加热到输出温度TR，需要多少热量？ 1. Illustrative Example To determine the required heat input for the design operating conditions, we need to write a steady-state (稳态) energy balance (能量平衡) for the liquid in the tank. * In writing this balance, it is assumed that the tank is perfectly mixed and that heat losses are negligible. 对于过程系统建立模型，主要遵循两个守恒原则：物料守恒与能量守恒：即 输入量-输出量=系统内变化量。对于这两个守恒建立微分方程。 要确定达到设计运行条件下的热量需求，我们需要写下槽内液体的稳态能量平衡式 在写平衡式之前，假设槽内是完美搅拌的，同时忽略热损耗 1. Illustrative Example Under these conditions there are no temperature gradients (梯度) within the tank contents and consequently, the exit temperature is equal to the temperature of the liquid in the tank. * A steady-state energy balance for the tank indicates that the heat added is equal to the change in enthalpy (焓, 表示物质内能，可以理解为衡量物质温度的物理量) between the inlet and exit stream. 在这些条件下，槽内成分的温度保持一致，因此，输出温度等于槽内液体温度 根据稳态能量守恒，加入的热量等于输入和输出流体之间 的焓变化量 1. Illustrative Example * Where denote the nominal (标定的) steady-state design values of Ti, T, w, and Q, respectively, and C