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MANAGEMENT SCIENCE informs® Vol. 55, No. 4, April 2009, pp. 513–525 doi 10.1287/mnsc.1080.0958 issn 0025-1909 eissn 1526-5501 09 5504 0513 © 2009 INFORMS What Fraction of Stock Option Grants to Top Executives Have Been Backdated or Manipulated?