环境工程专业英语unit1.ppt

Professional-related Engineering Unit 1 The hydrologic cycle 水循环 1.The hydrologic cycle The world’s supply of fresh water is quite small compared to the enormous volumes of salt water in the oceans. 世界的淡水供给比起海洋中浩瀚的咸水来是十分少的。 Fortunately the freshwater supply is renewed by the hydrologic cycle, which is an immense solar distillation system. 所幸的是，借助于水循环使淡水得以更新，而水循环是一个无限大的太阳蒸馏系统。 Professional-related Engineering Water evaporated from the oceans is transported over the continents by moving air masses. When this moisture-bearing air is cooled to its dewpoint temperature, the vapor condenses into water droplets forming fog or cloud. 从海洋蒸发的水借助于空气团的移动被传输到陆地上空。当这些潮湿的气团冷却到它的露点温度以下时，蒸汽冷凝成水滴形成雾和云。 Professional-related Engineering The cooling occurs when the moist air is lifted to higher elevations. Since air pressure decreases with elevation, the air expands as it is lifted and cooled in accordance with the Ideal Gas Law: 在湿气团被抬升到更高高度时，温度不断下降。因为大气压随高度增加而下降，空气在被抬升的过程中发生膨胀，按照理想气体定律，气团温度将下降。 Professional-related Engineering Lifting occurs in three ways. Orographic lifting occurs when the air is forced up over the underlying terrane. Frontal lifting occurs when the air mass is pushed up by a cooler air mass. The boundary between the two air masses is called a frontal surface. 抬升在三种情况下发生。当气团被迫从岩层上空越过时，发生山体抬升作用。当气团受到另外一个冷气团的冲击时，发生前部抬升作用。两个气团之间的分界面叫做前端表面。 Professional-related Engineering Finally, the moist air may be heated from below as it passes over a warmer surface, causing convective lifting, which may result in a convective thunderstorm. 最后，当湿气团从一个热气团上方经过时，下部被加热，引起对流抬升，有可能导致对流暴雨的形成。 Professional-related Engineering Often two or more of those mechanisms may take place together. 经常地，是两种或更多种机理一起发生作用。 About two-thirds of the precipitation that reaches the land surface is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation from water surface, soil, and vegetation and through plant transpiration. 大约地面降水的三分之二借助于水面、土壤、植被的蒸发作用和植物的蒸腾作用返回到大气中。 Professional-related Engineering The remaining t