当代国际关系考试题目及答案--填空.docVIP

Contemporary International Relations Chapter 1 Understanding International Relations IR affects daily life profoundly; we all participate in IR. IR is a field of political science, concerned mainly with explaining political outcomes in international affairs and international political economy. States are the most important actors in IR; the international system is based on the sovereignty of (about 200) independent territorial states. Nonstate actors such as multinational corporation (MNCs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) exert a growing influence on international relations. Four levels of analysis─individual, domestic, interstate, and global─suggest multiple explanations (operating simultaneously) for outcomes observed in IR. Great powers have restructures world order through recurrent world, alliances, and the reign of hegemons (states that temporarily gain a preponderance of power in the international system). The most important wars have been the Thirty Years’ War, the Napoleonic Wars, World War Ⅰ, and World War Ⅱ. Periods of hegemony include Britain in the nineteenth century and the United States after World War Ⅱ. European states colonized most of the rest of the world during the past five centuries. Latin American countries gained independence shortly after the United States did (about 200 years ago), while those in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East became independent states only in the decades after World War Ⅱ. For most of the 50 years since World War Ⅱ, world politics revolved around the East-West rivalry of the Cold War. This bipolar standoff created stability and avoided great-power wars, including nuclear war, but it had harmful consequences for third world states that became proxy battlegrounds. The post-Cold War era that began in the 1990s holds hope of general great-power cooperation despite the appearance of new ethnic and regional conflict. Chapter 2 Power Politics Realism explains international rel