法国革命与欧洲.pptVIP

13、For nearly three years，since October 1 789，there had been an abatement（减少） of popular violence．Now the coming of the war and the dissatisfaction of the lower classes with the course of events so far had led to new explosions（剧变）．The insurrection(起义) of August 1 0，1 792，the ‘‘second”French Revolution，initiated（开创） the most advanced phase of the Revolution． International influence of Revolutionary 1、The European governments were long reluctant to become involved with France．They were under considerable pressure．On the one hand，pro-French（亲法） and pro-revolutionary（亲革命） groups appeared immediately in many quarters．The doctrines of the French Revolution，as of the American，were highly exportable：they took the form of a universal philosophy，proclaiming the rights of man regardless of time or place，race or nation． Moreover，depending on what one was looking for，one might see in the first disturbances（骚乱） in France a revolt（起义） of either the nobility，the bourgeoisie（资产阶级），the common people，or the entire nation．In Poland those who were trying to reorganize（整顿） the country against further partition hailed（以……为榜样） the French example．The Hungarian landlords pointed to it in their reaction against Joseph II．In England，for a time，those who controlled Parliament complacently believed that the French were attempting to imitate them． 2、Inspiration of the Revolution（革命的启示） ? But it was the excluded（排斥的） classes of European society who were most inspired．The hard-pressed（备受煎熬的） Silesian（西西里） weavers were said to hope that“the French would come．”Strikes broke out at Hamburg，and peasants rebelled elsewhere．One English diplomat found that even the Prussian army had“a strong taint（感染） of democracy among officers and men．”In Belgium（比利时），where the privileged elements（特权分子） were already in revolt against the Austrian（奥地利） emperor,a second revolt broke out，inspired by events in France and aimed at the privileged elements． In England the newly developing“radicals，”men like Thom