美国数学_比例与比率.ppt

Ratios Proportions;A ratio is just a comparison between two different things. ------Expressing words notation: 15 to 20 odds notation: ?15 : 20 fractional notation: ?15/20 Express the ratio in simplest form: ?$10 to $45 10/45 = 2/9. ;In the park, the ratio of ducks to geese is 16 to 9. How many of the 300 birds are geese? The ratio tells me that, of every 16 + 9 = 25 birds, 9 are geese. That is, 9/25 of the birds are geese. Then there are ( 9/25 )(300) = 108 geese. ;A proportion is two ratios that have been set equal to each other. For instance, 5/10 equals 1/2.;To solve for the missing value. For instance, suppose you were given the following equation: You can solve the equation by multiplying through on both sides by 10 to clear the denominators: ??????????;To solve the propertion above?with cross-multiplication, you would do the following: ;In the proportion: The values in the b and c positions are called the means of the proportion, while the values in the a and d positions are called the extremes of the proportion. The product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes: ad = bc. ;Mean proportionals are a special class of proportions, where the means of the proportion are equal to each other. An example would be: 1/2=2/4 ...because the means are both 2, while the extremes are 1 and 4. This tells you that 2 is the mean proportional between 1 and 4. ;Find the mean proportional of 3 and 12. Ill let x be the number that Im looking for. 3 × 12 ?= ?x2 36 ?= ?x2 ± 6 ?= ?x So, actually, there are two mean proportionals:? –6 and 6 ;Find the mean proportional of –3 and 12. Note the difference is signs; But I can set up the proportion in the exact same way: Now Ill solve for x: (–3)(12) ?= ?x2 –36 ?=? x2 Since I cant take the square root of a negative number, then there is no solution for the mean proportion of the two given values. ;Find the unknown value in the proportion:? (2x + 1) : 2 = (x + 2)