现代国际贸易理论.ppt

* In stage I (time OA), the product is produced and consumed only in the innovating country. In stage II (AB), production is perfected in the innovating country and increases rapidly to accommodate rising demand at home and abroad. In stage III (BC), the product becomes standardized and the imitating country starts producing the product for domestic consumption. In stage IV (CD), the imitating country starts underselling the innovating country in third markets, and in stage V (past point D) in the latters market as well. * * （二）产品生命周期论的主要观点 1、产品周期理论认为，一种产品从生产者到消费者手里，需要很多不同的投入成本。在产品周期的不同阶段，各种投入在成本中的相对重要性也将发生变化。 2、当一种新产品刚刚诞生时，其生产往往需要高素质的劳动力。当这种产品成熟并为大众接受时，它就变得标准化了，就可以用大规模生产技术和素质较低的劳动力进行生产了。 3、因此，对于该产品的比较优势会从最早引入它的发达国家转移到劳动力相对便宜的不发达国家。这一过程一般都伴随这发明国家向劳动力便宜的国家的直接投资。 * According to this model ① when a new product is introduced, it usually requires highly skilled labor to produce. ② as the product matures and acquires mass acceptance, it becomes standardized; it can then be produced by mass production techniques and less skilled labor. ③ Therefore, comparative advantage in the product shifts from the advanced nation that originally introduced it to less advanced nation, where labor is relatively cheaper. This may be accompanied by FDI from the innovating nation to nations with cheaper labor. * The reasons for high-income and labor-saving products being most likely to be introduced in rich nations: ① the opportunities for doing so are greatest there; ② the development of these new products requires proximity to markets so as to benefit from consumer feedback in modifying the product ③ there is a need to provide service. The technological gap model emphasizes the time lag in the imitation process, while the product cycle model stresses the standardization process. * A classic example of the product cycle model is provided by the experience of U.S. and Japanese radio manufacturers since WWⅡ:Radio based on vacuum tube, U.S. recapture technological leadership wit