博士研究生课——生命科学前沿进展——操纵子.pptVIP

Chapter 10 调控基因编码的蛋白质作用于DNA的靶位. 10.2 Regulation can be negative or positive. ?调控可以分为正调控和负调控. 负调控中, 阻抑物与操纵基因结合来阻止有关基因的表达. 正调控中, 转录因子必须与启动子结合才能使RNA聚合酶起始转录. 负调控中, 反式作用的阻抑物结合到顺式作用的操纵基因上以关闭其转录. 正调控中, 反式作用因子必须与顺式作用元件结合, 才能使RNA聚合酶在启动子处起始转录. 10.3 Structural gene clusters are coordinately controlled. 结构基因簇中各成员是协同调控的. 对于同一条代谢途径中的某些蛋白质, 通常编码它们的基因在DNA上也紧密排列在一起, 并作为一个转录单位转录出多顺反子mRNA. lac操纵子长约6kb, 上游的lacI具有自己的启动子和终止子, lacI的末端紧接着启动子P, 操纵基因O位于转录单位最前端26bp, lacZ基因从第39个碱基开始, 随后是lacY基因, 和lacA基因. 10.4 The lac genes are controlled by a repressor. ?lac操纵子基因的表达受阻抑物控制. 位于lac基因簇起点的启动子与操纵基因具有重叠区域, 阻抑物与操纵基因结合就可控制lacZYA基因簇的转录. 阻抑物是由lacI基因编码的, 具有4个相同的亚基的四聚体. 在lac操纵子的转录起始位点周围, 阻抑物和RNA聚合酶的结合位点是重叠的. 10.6 ?Repressor is controlled by a small molecule inducer. 阻抑物由小分子诱导物所控制. 诱导物可以使阻抑物失活. 阻抑物具有两个结合位点, 分别与操纵基因和诱导物结合. 当阻抑物与诱导物结合之后, 发生别构效应使DNA结合位点的性质改变. 阻抑物通过与操纵基因结合而使乳糖操纵子处于失活状态. 从阻抑物的结晶我们可以知道它是由一系列连在一起的结构域组成的. 加入诱导物后, 阻抑物失活, 不能结合在操纵基因上, 使得RNA聚合酶可以起始转录. 相对于启动基因, 操纵基因可能存在不同的位置. * Operon 操纵子 10.1 Introduction ?引言 A trans-acting product can function on any copy of its target DNA. This implies that it is a diffusible protein or RNA. A cis-acting site affects the activity only of sequences on its own molecule of DNA (or RNA); this property usually implies that the site does not code for protein. A structural gene codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulator. A regulator gene codes for a product (typically protein) that controls the expression of other genes (usually at the level of transcription).  Gene expression can be controlled at any of several stages, which we divide broadly into transcription, processing, and translation: Transcription often is controlled at the stage of initiation. Transcription is not usually controlled at elongation, but may be controlled at termination to determine whether RNA polymerase is allowed to proceed past a terminator to the gene(s) beyond. In eukaryotic cells, processing of the RNA product may be regulated at the stages of modification, splicin