免疫学发展史history.pptVIP

Jr. Hons. Immunology B.Sc.: History of Immunology The History of Immunology Jr. Hons. Immunology B.Sc. D. I. Stott Stages of Immunology Descriptive early period Early attempts at vaccination: Smallpox Early experiments: Bacteria cause disease Humoral v. cellular immunity Selective v. instructive theories of I.R. The molecular revolution ? present Descriptive Early Period Plagues pandemics, esp. bubonic plague (Pasteurella pestis) smallpox. Causes of disease unknown until 19th C. Thought to be caused by poisons = “virus” (latin). Thucydides (5thC. B.C.): people who recovered - immune Early Attempts at Immunisation Mithradates VI (Anatolian King) took increasing daily doses of poisons. Immunisation against Smallpox:- Chinese: dried matter from pustules inserted in nostrils. Turks: used variolation, hence Variola Virus. A Smallpox Victim Immunisation against Smallpox (1) Variolation Early 18th C.: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (wife of British Ambassador, Constantinople) inoculated own children. “The Royal Experiment” George I pardoned 7 criminals: inoculated; 1 lay with smallpox victim every night to end. All recovered. Repeated with 6 more criminals + 5 orphans. Then 2 daughters of Prince Princess of Wales inoculated, hence became popular. Immunisation against Smallpox (2) Vaccination End of 18th C.: Edward Jenner Inoculated 7 subjects with cowpox. 2 challenged with smallpox. All O.K. ? Cowpox = Vaccinia virus, hence vaccination ? general term. Edward Jenner inoculating James Phipps with cowpox Immunisation against Smallpox (3) WHO Programme 1978: WHO Programme completed. 19th C.: Bacteria cause disease Robert Koch Louis Pasteur established bacteria as cause of diseases. Pasteur: Injected animals with live attenuated micoorganisms ? immunity v. chicken cholera, anthrax, rabies. Wars of The Cells and Antibodies Cellular Theory: Elie Metchnikoff Phagocytes in starfish larvae surround a splinter; phagocytosis digestion of bacteria by M?s polymorph