第十一章 浸出与萃取.pptVIP

第十一章 萃取Extraction 11.1 概述 11.2 固-液萃取 11.3 液-液萃取 11.4 超临界萃取 一、概述 1、概念：Solid-liquid extraction is a basic operation to separate one or more components contained in a solid phase by a liquid phase or solvent. The components transferred from the solid to the liquid phase are called solutes溶质, while the insoluble solid is called inert 惰性物质. Solid-liquid extraction has different names depending on the objective of the process. Thus, it may be known as lixiviation浸滤, washing洗涤, percolation浸透, etc. It is usually described as “leaching滤取、滤去” in English-language literature . The purpose of this operation can be diverse, since in some cases it is necessary eliminate from a solid an undesirable component by dissolving it into a liquid, which is called washing. However, in other cases, it is desired to obtain a valuable component contained in a solid by dissolving it into a liquid, which is called lixiviation. The term“percolation” refers to the way that the operation is carried out, which is by pouring a liquid onto a solid. 国内常称为浸出、提取等。 2、应用：Important applications of the solid-liquid extraction in the food industry include: obtaining extracts from animal or vegetable materials：extraction of animal and vegetable oils 动植物油（soybean, corn, and rice bran，rapeseeds, sunflower seeds ）；spice oils and natural flavor extracts香精油和风味物质；obtaining sugar（cane or beet ）糖； manufacturing tea and instant coffee速溶茶和咖啡；to separate useful ingredients from food processing waste and medicinal plants功能成分. washing precipitates；Washing occurs so frequently as to need no specific examples. 除杂 3、操作：This type of operation may be performed in one or multiple stages单级或多级. A stage refers to equipment in which the phases are in contact for a determined time, so that the mass transfer among the components of the phases are carried out, tending to equilibrium over time. Once the equilibrium is reached, a mechanical separation of phases is applied. It is difficult to reach equilibrium in one stage, so