水车起源和发展丛谈上辑-中国农业历史与文化.pdf

中国农史（Agricultural History of China) 2011.2 水车起源和发展丛谈（上辑） 李根蟠 （中国社会科学院经济研究所，北京100836） 【摘 要】水车出现和推广在水利发展史上具有革命性意义。 它是依靠轮轴转动工作的排灌机具，包括翻车、筒车、 井车等不同类型。 东汉毕岚创制翻车的说法未必正确。 翻车起源于何时何地，尚需继续探讨。 在相当长的时期内，翻车 是在宫廷、城市和乡村、 民间双线发展的。 唐代太和年间中央政府征调江南水车匠在关中地区推广翻车，反映了宫廷、城 市和乡村、 民间双线的互动，南方民间翻车由默默无闻到崭露头角。 从此，乡村和民间使用水车的发展势头不可遏制，终 于迎来了水车使用空前繁盛的两宋时代。 【关键词】水车；翻车；筒车；井车 【中图分类号】S- 09；K235 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1000- 4459（2011）02- 0003- 16 The Or igin and Development of Wat er wheel LI Gen-pan （Institute of Economics，China Academy of Social Sciences，Beij ing 100836） ： Abst ract The innovation and popularization of water wheel is of revolutionary significance in the history of water conservancy. It is the irrigation machine depending on the turning of wheel and axle, including turning wheel, cube wheel, and well wheel. The legend is questionable that it was invented by Bi Lan of East Han. Its origin is still a question waiting for further research. During a long period of time, waterwheel was developing along two separate lines: the city and the country. That the government drafted waterwheel carpenters from the South in the years of Taihe of Tang Dynasty indicates the interaction of two lines. The waterwheel of the South became fashionable, arising from the obscure. Since then, the development of waterwheel made drastic progress, and widely spread during Song Dynasties. Key words: water wheel ；turning wheel ；cube wheel ；well wheel 一、缘 起 2003 年11 月，我应邀参加了无锡吴文化公园举办的中日两国关于传统水车的学术研讨会。我对 水车本无专门研究，原不打算赴会，由于游修龄先生两次来函敦促，师命不可违，硬着头皮去了。会前 1 仓促地收集了从汉魏到宋元诗文中有关水车的记载 ，列为一表，并写了几点的意见；现在看来，这个 [收稿日期] 2010- 12- 12