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2. Ramp 单车道出入口按交通流线分直接式出入口和平行式出入口。 Questions? * School of Civil Engineering 孙仁娟 * URBAN ROAD DESIGN Lecture 8- Grade Separations and Interchanges Outlines Interchanges Ramps Interchanges Interchange Configurations Three-leg designs Four-leg designs Approaches to the structure The general controls for horizontal and vertical alignment and their combination should be adhered to closely. In particular, any relatively sharp horizontal or vertical curves should be avoided. Gradients that may slow down commercial vehicles or that may be difficult to negotiate under icy conditions should be avoided. Reduction of vehicle speeds by long upgrades encourages passing, which is undesirable in the vicinity of ramp terminals. Sight distance Sight distance on the roads through a grade separation should be at least as long as that needed for stopping and preferably longer. The horizontal sight distance limitations of piers and abutments at curves usually present a more difficult problem than that of vertical limitations. Interchange Spacing Interchange spacing has a pronounced effect on road operations. In areas of concentrated urban development, proper spacing usually is difficult to attain because of traffic demand for frequent access. Minimum spacing of arterial interchanges (distance between intersecting streets with ramps) is determined by weaving volumes, ability to sign, signal progression, and lengths of speed-change lanes. A general rule of thumb for minimum interchange spacing is 1.5 km [1 mi] in urban areas and 3.0 km [2 mi] in rural areas. In urban areas, spacing of less than 1.5 km [1 mi] may be developed by grade-separated ramps or by adding collector-distributor roads. Uniformity of Interchange Patterns When a series of interchanges are being designed, attention should be given to the group of interchanges as a whole, as well as to each individual interchange. Considering the need for high capacity, appropriate level of service, and maximum safe