学术英语写作Unit 6.Introduction.pptVIP

* 2.What are the two main reference systems ? List their advantages and disadvantages. * Name and Year System A system of referencing in which a reference is cited in the text by the last name of the author and the year of publication, e.g., Smith (1990). * Name-year system Advantages: 1) Because the references are unnumbered, references can be added or deleted easily. 2) Readers familiar with a field can recognize the authors of a citation without having to refer to the reference list. 3) It helps readers identify whether the sources of the citation are outdated or not. * Disadvantages 1) It may increase printing expenses. 2) The references take up space in the main body of the text and distract readers, especially when many works are cited together. * . Citation-order/Citation-sequence System A system of referencing in which references are cited in numerical order as they appear in the text. Thus, the References section is in citation order, not in alphabetical order. * Advantages: 1) It is convenient for readers to refer to the references. 2) Citation by numbers interrupt only slightly the reading of text. 3) This system also reduces printing expenses. * Disadvantages: 1) Readers usually have to turn to the reference list to find out whose work is being cited. 2) When authors must add or delete references at a late stage in revising a paper, they may be burdened with renumbering references. * 3) It is not ideal for the reader, because the non-alphabetical presentation of the reference list may result in separation of various references to works by the same author. * 3.What is the clearest way to refer to other authors? Should I focus on the authors or their ideas? There are various styles for making reference to other authors. The four styles below contain the same information, but the focus is different. * Style 1 Blinco [1992] found that American elementary school children showed… Style 2 In [5] Blinco found that American elem