第六周周预习读写材料(1) (1).docVIP

文章1 定义法 How we Learn to Behave Being polite, neat and helpful are characteristics of a person who is well socialized into our society. Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. Societies must have some organized way of teaching new members what is expected of them and how they should behave. Through socialization, children develop into adults who know how to behave appropriately in their culture. The task of socialization is performed by several groups and institutions called as socialization agents. The family, school, and friends are the most important socialization agents. Of these, the family is the most important, especially during the first years of life. How do families and other agents teach children how to behave? Two important ways are by sanctions and by modelling. Sanctions are consequences following a behavior that influences whether the behavior will be repeated. Negative sanctions are punishments. This means that something bad happens after undesired behavior occurs. If a child says, “Give me some gum,” and the parent says, “No gum until you learn to ask politely ” and does not give the child the gum, then the child learns that it is not a good idea to speak this way. If he does, he will not get what he wants. Positive sanctions are rewards. In other words, the behavior is followed by something pleasant,or enjoyable. If a child asks a parent, “ May I have some gum, please?” and the parent gives the child some gum, the child learns that saying “please” at the end of a request results in getting what he asked for. Parents generally use negative sanctions if their children are disobedient or rude and positive sanctions when they are polite and well behaved. Modelling is another way that children learn to behave appropriately. Modelling refers to learning by watching the behavior of others-especially parents-and copying that behavior. Modelling influences both positive and negative behavior. For example, childre