英语词汇学第七章.ppt

英语词汇学课程课件 课件名称：词义的演变 制作人：孙红梅、张培成 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院 Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning Teaching Objectives Let students understand and master types of changes in word meaning Get to know the causes of changes Teaching Focus Causes of changes Types of changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, transference of meaning, euphemism. Extra-linguistic factors: historical reason, class reason, psychological reason Linguistic factors: shortening, redivision from borrowing, analogy 7.1 Types of Change Extension of Meaning Narrowing of Meaning Elevation of Meaning Degradation of Meaning Transference of Meaning Euphemism Extension of Meaning 词义的扩大 Generalization of Meaning It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. 一个原本具有特殊意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。 Manuscript (original) Handwriting( writing by hand only) (手稿) (present) Any author’s writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processor (原稿) Salary (original) a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt (政府按时发给古罗马军人一些买盐的钱) (present) fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to employees (薪水) She is such a pretty little thing. I have to pack my things for the journey. There is another thing I want to ask you about. That only makes things worse. The thing is, can we finish the job in time? “Thing” which used to mean “a public assembly” or “a council” in Anglo-Saxon times, now has become an all-purpose word. Generalization of meaning is also found in many technical terms, which are confined to specialized use. allergic (original) too sensitive to medicine 患过敏症的 (present) averse or disinclined to 反感的；厌恶的 alibi (original) a legal term signifying “the plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed” (被告人不在犯罪现场的证明) (present) excuse (借口) 3) Words commonized from proper names have experienced the same