经济学的个原理.pptVIP

经济学的十个原理 1. 人们面临得失交换 People face tradeoffs “天下没有免费的午餐！” “There is no such thing as a free lunch!” People face tradeoffs 为了得到一样东西，我们通常不得不 放弃另一样东西。 To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. ?? 食品和衣服Food v. clothing ?? 闲遐和工作（收入）Leisure time v. Work (earnings) ?? 大炮和黄油Guns v. butter ?? 效率和平等Efficiency v. equity ?? 效率：社会从稀缺资源中获得最多(饼的大小) Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. ?? 平等：收益在社会成员中公平分配(饼的分割) Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society 2. 某物的成本是为此而放弃的东西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it ?? 人们通过考虑某事的成本与收益来决定是否做某件事 情。 People decide whether to do one thing or not by considering its costs and benefits. ?? 不过，做决策需要将这件事与其他选择方案相权衡。 However, making decisions requires trading off this thing against other alternatives. 当我们仅仅计算某一件事的成本与收益时，如何将其 他选择也考虑进来？ How can we take other alternatives into account when calculate costs and benefits of just this thing? 由于人们面临着权衡取舍，所以做出决策就要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益。Because people face tradeoffs ,making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses action .Consider ,for example ,the decision whether to go to college. 一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西。 The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to get that item. When making any decision decisionmakers should be aware of the opportunity costs that accompany each possible action. 例如，到了上大学的年龄的运动员如果退学，转而从事职业运动就能赚几百万美元。他们深深认识到，他们上大学的机会成本极高。 机会成本取决于你所面临的其他选择。 ?? 在很多情况下，某些机会成本容易被忽 视（未必和金钱或精力的付出直接相关 ）。 ??为什么比尔·盖茨和老虎·伍滋中途退学？ ??为什么这两年广东出现了“民工荒”？ 3. 理性人考虑边际量 Rational people think at the margin 人们作最优决策时比较边际上的成本和收益。 People make optimal decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin. 边际变化是对已有行动计划的小的、增量调整 Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 为什么航空公司让雇员和他们的亲属在 乘客上完后可以免费搭乘飞机？ ??边际成本与平均成本marginal cost v. average cost ?? 为什么在通常情况下水比钻石便宜 ??边际收益marginal benefit vs. total benefit 4. 人们会对激励作出反应 People respond to inc