2016遗传学课件(第1章绪论)白.pdfVIP

遗传学 GENETICS l An Introduction to Genetics How to study genetics？ study genetics ？ Genetics is like riding a bike, easy when you know how, but impossible until you try it. Genetics is considered by some students to be the most difficult aspect of biology. This is often because you have to think about it.  Insects have six legs. A simple observable fact of no further consequence, unless they start wearing shoes. 泰 国 十 八 岁 女 子 身 高 二 点 零 八 米  fist discovered by Mendel, apply to most, perhaps all, of the 50000 plus human genes. The rules of genetics are similar for all of the several million species on Earth and have consequences at all levels of life.  Rules are conceptual but the facts of chromosome structure and genetic transmission which cause the rules are almost invisible. One understood, however, the behavior of all the genes is accessible. thus, genetics is not suitable for rote learning, but like a new language, understanding the basics of genetics opens a book which gives an insight and coherence all life. Understanding requires a mental image. DNA is a long thin thing with a series of coded instructions on it. These are the plans for the molecular machines which make and run cells, and in turn read the DNA code and complete the (cell) cycle of interdependence. Groups of cells make organs and organisms, and the appearance (phenotype) of these reveals the instruction on their DNA (their genotype) to the outside world. These levels encompass all genetics from the structure of DNA and its mutation, through the workings and interactions of the proteins and RNAs it encodes, to evolutionary changes in the mixture of individual genotypes in populations.  The science of genetics has exploded since the development of techniques to manipulate seque