新编简明英语语言学教程课件.pptVIP

戴炜栋，何兆熊，《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社。 胡壮麟，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。 刘润清，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社。;15 % Attendance 35 % Assignment and Presentation 50 % Examination;The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds — sounds that convey meaning in human communication. ;Phonetics Phonology;Definition Organs of Speech Classification of English Speech Sounds; A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. ;Articulatory phonetics — from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Auditory phonetics — from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phonetics — from the physical means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. ;;Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar[?lv??l?]) Hard palate [p?l?t] Soft palate (velum [v??l?m]) Uvula /?ju?vj?l?/ Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity ;A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. Broad transcription — used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ] Narrow transcription — used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ] ;English speech sounds: Vowels Consonants In the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.;English consonants classified according to two dimensions: The manner of articulation The place of articulation;1. Stops/Plosives - six bursts or explosive sounds produced by complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of the closure. 2. Fricatives - nine fricatives - weak or