aerodynamics_of_flight-1_教材[1]文档精资料.pptVIP

第*页 地面效应 Ground Effect 在大多数情况下，地面效应会增大当地静压，使显示的空速和高度降低。因此，飞机可以按照比正常所需的空速低的指示空速飞行。 In the majority of cases, ground effect will cause an increase in the local pressure at the static source and produce a lower indication of airspeed and altitude. Thus, an aircraft may be airborne at an indicated airspeed less than that normally required. 第*页 地面效应 Ground Effect 为了使地面效应显著增加，机翼必须非常接近地面。地面效应的一个直接结果是，升力系数不变的情况下，诱导阻力随机翼距离地面高度的变化。 In order for ground effect to be of significant magnitude, the wing must be quite close to the ground. One of the direct results of ground effect is the variation of induced drag with wing height above the ground at a constant CL. 第*页 地面效应 Ground Effect 如果机翼的高度等于其展长，诱导阻力仅减少1.4%。然而，如果机翼的高度等于其展长的1/4，诱导阻力减少23.5%。如果机翼高度等于其展长的1/10，诱导阻力减少47.6%。 When the wing is at a height equal to its span, the reduction in induced drag is only 1.4%. However, when the wing is at a height equal to 1/4 its span, the reduction in induced drag is 23.5% and, when the wing is at a height equal to 1/10 its span, the reduction in induced drag is 47.6%. 第*页 地面效应 Ground Effect 因此，诱导阻力大幅降低仅仅出现在机翼离地面很近的时候。正是由于这一情况，地面效应在离地起飞或着陆接地前才起作用。 Thus, a large reduction in induced drag will take place only when the wing is very close to the ground. Because of this variation, ground effect is most usually recognized during the liftoff for takeoff or just prior to touchdown when landing. 第*页 翼尖涡 Wingtip Vortices 空气的这种流动在翼尖“溢出”，从而形成一个空气的漩涡，称为涡。 This flow of air results in “spillage” over the tips, thereby setting up a whirlpool of air called a “vortex” . 第*页 翼尖涡 Wingtip Vortices 翼尖涡 Wingtip vortices 第*页 翼尖涡 Wingtip Vortices 第*页 翼尖涡 Wingtip Vortices 同时，上表面的空气向后缘的流动有向机身方向偏转流动的趋势。这样的气流在内侧翼型后缘形成类似的涡，但由于机身限制了这种向内的流动，这样的涡不明显。 At the same time, the air on the upper surface has a tendency to flow in toward the fuselage and off the trailing edge. This air current forms a similar vortex at the inboard portion of the trailing edge of the airfoil, but because the fuselage limits the inward flow, the vo