法律是一种理性对话——兼论司法判例制度的合理性.docVIP

法律是一种理性对话——兼论司法判例制度的合理性 ????????[ 06-05-15 09:49:00 ]????作者：张千帆 ????编辑：studa9ngns 内容提要：?一般认为，法律是主权者所宣布的强制性命令，且这种命令最终依靠对其违背的惩罚而获得效力。然而，法律的命令说虽然说明了法律的静态性质，却未能圆满地回答某些关键问题：即这种命令是如何产生与演变的？它的存在及其强制效力究竟是为了什么目的？本文认为，在现代法治社会，动态的法律是一种永恒的理性对话过程。这种对话是由社会各阶层为了公共利益而广泛参与的辩论和说理，且各种不同意见在自由、公开与平等的对话中获得充分尊重。本文将着重讨论法治国家中已获得正规化与体制化的法律对话过程，尤其是独立司法机构内部不同意见的公开交锋与争鸣。文章强调，法院根据实际经验所形成的判例法——尤其是其中少数意见的自由与充分表达，保证了法律在变化社会中的平稳改革、发展与进化。 关键词：?理性对话，司法判例，少数意见。 英文标题与提要： Law?as?a?RationalDialogue:?A?Vindication?for?the?Case-law?Method Itis?generally?believed?that?laws?are?coercive?commands?as?pronounced?by?thesovereign?states,?and?these?commands?derive?their?force?from?the?punitivemeasures?imposed?upon?their?violations.?Although?the?command?doctrine?explains?the?static?nature?of?law,?however,it?fails?to?answer?some?of?the?key?questions:?how?and?for?what?purpose?was?alegal?command?created?at?the?first?place,?and?how?does?it?evolve?later??This?paper?argues?that,?in?a?modernsociety?committed?to?rule?of?law,?law?in?its?dynamic?character?is?a?perpetualprocess?of?rational?discourse.?Sucha?discourse?is?a?free,?equal,?and?open?reasoning?process?widely?participated?bydifferent?sections?of?society?for?the?benefit?of?public?good,?in?whichdifferent?opinions?are?respected?and?their?thorough?expressions?guaranteed.?The?paper?will?focus?on?discussing?theprocesses?of?legal?dialogue?already?institutionalized?in?the?states?committedto?rule?of?law;?particularly,?it?emphasizes?the?aspect?of?free?exchange?andexpression?among?different?opinions?within?the?independent?judicialinstitutions.?It?is?pointed?outthat?the?case?law?as?formed?by?the?common?law?courts,?particularly?itsprominent?feature?of?allowing?free?publication?of?the?dissenting?opinions,?helpto?guarantee?the?stable?development,?reform,?and?evolution?of?law?in?a?changingsociety. 一、?引言：法律（应该）是什么？ 1．?关于法律性质的两种观点 法律向来被认为是一种主权意志的命令。无论从法理学、社会学还是法律在现实社会中的运作来看，这种观点当然都有根据。分析法学创始人奥斯汀（JohnAustin）明确提出：“每一项法律或规则…都是一项命令。”?2?纯粹法学派的开创者凯尔森(HansKelsen)虽然不尽同意这种说法，而把