弹性力学数学基础.pptVIP

第二章 数学基础 第一节 标量和矢量 第二节 笛卡尔张量 第三节 二阶笛卡尔张量 第四节 高斯积分定理 第一节 标量和矢量 一、标量和矢量的定义（definition） 标量（scalar） A scalar is a quantity characterized by magnitude only, for example: mass. 矢量（vector） A vector is a quantity characterized by both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity. 二、矢量的表示 大小和方向确定分量 A is completely defined by its magnitude A and by its three direction anglesθ1 , θ2 and θ3 矢量A在三个坐标轴上的投影（分量） 分量（投影）确定矢量 已知分量，矢量的大小和方向可由几何关系得到 三、坐标变换（Coordinate Transformation） It is important to notice that the repeated subscript j in this equation is a so-called dummy index, which can equally well be replaced with another subscript, say k. 同理，可得到由新坐标的分量表示旧坐标系的分量 四、正交关系 （Orthogonality Relations） We introduce the so-called Kronecker delta symbol δij defined as In a similar way, we may also obtain 五、矢量运算（Vector Operations） 矢量相加 The result of addition or subtraction of two vectors A and B is defined to be a third vector C 两个矢量的标量积（Scalar Product of two vectors） The scalar product of two vectors A and B is expressible as 两个矢量的矢量积（Vector Product of Two Vectors） The vector product of two vectors A and B is to be a third vector C perpendicular to A and B If the symbol eijk is defined as follows: eijk = +1 for i = 1, j = 2, k = 3 or any even number of permutations of this arrangement (e.g., e312 ) eijk = -1 for odd permutations of i = 1, j = 2, k = 3 (e.g., e132 ) eijk = 0 for two or more indices equal (e.g., e113 ) the components of vector C can be written as 标量三重积（Scalar Triple Product） The scalar triple product or box product [A B C] is a scalar product of two vectors, in which any vector is a vector product of other two vectors, i.e. 第二节 笛卡尔张量 一、笛卡尔张量的定义 一阶笛卡尔张量 A Cartesian tensor of order one is defined as a quantity having three components Ti whose transformation between primed and unprimed coordinate axes is governed by 二阶笛卡尔张量 Similarly, a Cartesian te