CriticalThinking-精选课件(公开).pptVIP

The mind is what makes us different from the animals. 思想，让我们与动物相区别。 Ridged, inflexible thought 顽固的想法 Distorts information 扭曲的信息 Ignores relevant data 忽视相关数据 Intellectual Standards That Apply to Thinking in Every Subject 善于思维在实际中的运用 Thinking that is: ?Thinking that is: Clear vs Unclear 明确的 对 不明确的 Precise vs Imprecise 精确的 对 不精确的 Specific vs Vague 具体的 对 模糊的 Accurate vs Inaccurate 准确的 对 不准确的 Relevant vs Irrelevant 相关的 对 不相关的 Logical vs Illogical 合理的 对 不合理的 Deep vs Superficial 深层的 对 肤浅的 Broad vs Narrow 宽泛的 对 狭隘的 Significant vs Trivial 重要的 对 琐碎的 Fair vs Biased or One-Sided 公平的 对 偏倚的或极端的 It is extremely important to see that intelligence and intellect can be used for ends other than those of gaining “truth” or “insight” or “knowledge.” 我们应认识到信息和智力可以被用于获得“真理”、“洞察”或“知识”以外的目的，这极为重要。 One can learn to be: 我们可能变得： cunning rather than clever 狡猾，而非聪明 smooth rather than clear 模糊，而非清晰 convincing rather than rationally persuasive 耍嘴皮子，而非用道理说服 articulate rather than accurate 表达能力强的，而非准确的 judgmental rather than gain in judgment 带冲动地判定，而非逐步理性判断 One can confuse confidence with knowledge or mistake arrogance for self-confidence. In each of these cases a counterfeit of a highly desirable trait is developed in place of that trait. 人们可能会把饱含学识的信心与自信相混淆，或者误把高傲视作自信。 在这两种情况下，一个高度吸引人的假象替代了原有的客观的特征。 COUNTERFEITS 假象 THREE KINDS OF KNOWLEDGE三种知识类型 Unchangeable knowledge 　不可变的知识 Changeable knowledge 　可变的知识 Mere Opinion 　纯粹的观点 Three kinds of questions三种问题类型 those with one right answer (factual questions fall into this category) 　只有一个答案的问题（事实问题属于此类） 2) those with better or worse answers (well-reasoned or poorly reasoned answers) 　答案有优劣之分的问题（合理的或不合理的） 3) those with as many answers as there are different human preferences (a category in which mere opinion does rule)答案因人而异的问题（此类问题的答案就是个人观点） EXAMPLES例子 What is the boiling point of lead? 　铅的沸点是几度？ 2) How can we best address the most basic and significant economic problems of the nation today? 　当今国家经济最基本、最重要的问题是什么？ 3) Which would you prefer, a