计算机网络第五版(英文版)ppt(6).ppt

* * * Average is computed with an EWMA, exponentially weighted moving average that is very simple: new value = alpha x old value + (1-alpha) x sample. Alpha is 7/8, say. Similarly for estimating the variance. TCP actually computes the deviation from the mean with another EWMA. * * * * * * 6.5.8 SSL—The Secure Sockets Layer (1) SSL provides an authenticated, secret connection between two sockets; uses public keys with X.509 TLS (Transport Layer Security) is the IETF version 6.5.8 SSL—The Secure Sockets Layer (2) Phases in SSL V3 connection establishment (simplified) Only the client (Alice) authenticates the server (Bob) Session key computed on both sides (EB, RA, RB) 6.5.8 SSL—The Secure Sockets Layer (3) Data transmission using SSL. Authentication and encryption for a connection use the session key 6.6 Performance Issues 6.6.1 Performance Problems Unexpected loads often interact with protocols to cause performance problems Need to find the situations and improve the protocols Examples Broadcast storm: one broadcast triggers another Synchronization: a building of computers all contact the DHCP server together after a power failure Tiny packets: some situations can cause TCP to send many small packets instead of few large ones 6.6.2 Measuring Network Performance Measurement is the key to understanding performance – but has its own pitfalls. Example pitfalls: Caching: fetching Web pages will give surprisingly fast results if they are unexpectedly cached Timing: clocks may over/underestimate fast events Interference: there may be competing workloads 6.6.3 Host Design for Fast Networks Poor host software can greatly slow down networks. Rules of thumb for fast host software: Host speed more important than network speed Reduce packet count to reduce overhead Minimize data touching Minimize context switches Avoiding congestion is better than recovering from it Avoid timeouts 6.6.4 Fast Segment Processing (1) Speed up the common case with a fast path [pink] Handles