经济博弈论(清华大学) Chapter05 纯策略同时博弈II：连续策略和III：讨论与证据.pdfVIP

纯策略同时博弈II：连续策略 和III：讨论与证据 Simultaneous-Move Games with Pure Strategies II: Continuous Strategies and III: Discussion and Evidence 第5章 Chapter 5 离散与连续策略 Discrete and Continuous Strategies 在一个离散策略的博弈中，每个博弈者只有少数几个 定义明确的招术（离散的行动集合）。 In a discrete strategy game, each player has a small number of well-defined plays (i.e., a discrete set of actions) from which to choose. 足球里的罚点球 Soccer penalty kicks 囚徒困境 Prisoners’ dilemma 这样的博弈可以用博弈表来分析，至少在参与者人数 及其行为的个数不多时是如此。 Such games are amenable to analysis with the use of a game table, at least for situations with a reasonable number of players and available actions. Slide 2 离散与连续策略 Discrete and Continuous Strategies 在一个连续策略的博弈中，参与者从一个大的可能性 范围，也即本质上无限的集合中做出选择。 In a continuous strategy game, players choose from a wide range of possibilities, a virtually infinite set of choices. 制造商选择产品价格 Manufacturers choose product prices 慈善家选择慈善捐款的数量 Philanthropists choose charitable contribution amounts 建筑承包商选择工程的投标价格 Contractors choose project bid levels 在这些情形下，博弈表实际上就不能作为分析工具了。 In these cases, game tables become virtually useless as analytical tools. Slide 3 作为连续变量的纯策略 Pure Strategies That Are Continuous Variables 问：如何求解连续纯策略的同时博弈？ Q: How can we solve a simultaneous- move game with continuous pure strategies? 答：最优反应分析。 A: Best response analysis. 问：哪一种最优反应分析？ Q: What kind of best response analysis? 答：最优反应规则 （或曲线） A: Best response rules (or curves). Slide 4 价格竞争 Price Competition 在一个名为雅皮天堂的小镇上，有两个餐馆，泽维尔 的塔帕斯吧和伊冯的比斯托。 In a