湖泊富营养发生机制与评价方式.pptVIP

* Although some phosphorus may derive from atmospheric deposition of dust and soil particles containing adsorbed phosphate, the great majority usually comes from the watershed in close association with the transport of soil particles. Untreated or partially treated domestic or industrial wastewater effluents are also major sources and may be point (end-of-pipe) or nonpoint (diffuse). See for information about a watershed scale lawn fertilizer phosphorus experiment being conducted in the Medicine Lake watershed in the Minneapolis, MN metropolitan area. There are also links to other sources of information on this topic. * Students should be referred to any limnology, microbial ecology, or geochemistry textbook for a more thorough discussion of the link between phosphorus and iron cycling. Not all lakes have enormous releases of phosphate from the sediment interstitial (pore) water during late summer or under-ice anoxia because there may not be much iron in the system. For the purposes of this curriculum, I.e. training students for careers in applied lake management, it is fair to say that most stratified lakes will exhibit substantial increases in bottom water phosphate that accumulates after they become anoxic at the sediment-water interface. Note also that as redox values fall and the sediments become increasingly reduced, there will be alrge amounts of sulfide prodiced as hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) from the energy metabolism of heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria. If ferrous iron concentrations are relatiuvely high, it will react with the sulfide to form ferrous sulfide – the black gooey muck you find in mudflats and marshes. This can also affect P-cycling in some cases but turns out to be even more important in transformations involving heavy metals at polluted sites where toxic metal reactions with sulfide act to bind them and reduce their exposure as toxicants to aquatic organisms. Texts will also point out that manganic-manganous cycling can