微观经济学十大原理总结.docxVIP

Ten?Principles?of?Economics What?Economics?Is?All?About Scarcity: the?limited?nature?of?society’s?resources （稀缺性：社会资源的有限性） Economics: the?study?of?how?society?manages?its?scarce resources （经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源） how?people?decide?what?to?buy, how?much?to?work,?save,?and?spend how?firms?decide?how?much?to?produce, how?many?workers?to?hire how?society?decides?how?to?divide?its?resources?between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment,?and?other?needs *The?principles?of?：HOW?PEOPLE?MAKE?DECISIONS PRINCIPLE?#1: People?Face?Tradeoffs （原理一：人们要面临权衡取舍） All?decisions?involve?tradeoffs. （所有的选择都包含权衡取舍） Going?to?a?party?the?night?before?your?midterm?leaves?less time?for?studying. Having?more?money?to?buy?stuff?requires?working?longer hours,?which?leaves?less?time?for?leisure. Protecting?the?environment?requires?resources?that?could otherwise?be?used?to?produce?consumer?goods. Society faces an important tradeoff: efficiency vs. equality （社会面临着一个重要的取舍：效率与平等） Efficiency: when?society?gets?the?most?from?its?scarce Resources （效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益） Equality: when?prosperity?is?distributed?uniformly?among society’s members （平等：社会成果在社会成员中的平均分配） Tradeoff:?To?achieve?greater?equality,?could?redistribute income?from?wealthy?to?poor.?But?this?reduces?incentive?to work?and?produce,?shrinks?the?size?of?the?economic?“pie.” （权衡取舍：为了实现更好地平等，将收入从富人到穷人重新分配。 但是这会降低工作和生产的积极性，减小经济的蛋糕） PRINCIPLE?#2: The?Cost?of?Something?Is?What?You?Give?Up?to Get?It （原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西） Making?decisions?requires?comparing?the?costs?and?benefits of?alternative?choices. （做出决策需要比较这些选择的成本与利益） The?opportunity?cost?of?any?item?is?whatever?must?be?given up?to?obtain?it （一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西） It?is?the?relevant?cost?for?decision?making （这是决策的有关成本） Examples: The?opportunity?cost?of… going?to?college?for?a?year?is?not?just?the?tuition,?books, and?fees,?but?also?the?foregone?wages. seeing?a?movie?is?not?just?the?price?of?the?ticket,?but?the value?of?the?time?you?spend?in?the?theater. PRINCIPLE?#3: