2020年全球社会流动指数：为什 么经济会从消除不平等中受益.docx

Preface 4 Key Findings 5 Introduction: 8 Social Mobility: What It Is and Why it Matters 9 The Negative Impact of Low Social Mobility on Economic Growth, Inequality and Social Cohesion 11 Structure of this Report 13 Benchmarking Social Mobility: The Global Social Mobility Index 14 Conceptual Framework 14 Pillar 1: Health 15 Pillars 2–4: Education Access, Quality and Equity 16 Pillar 5: Technology Access 16 Pillars 6–8: Fair Work Opportunities 17 Pillars 9–10: Social Protection Efficient Institutions 17 Global Findings 19 A: Overall Global Findings 19 B: Selected Country Analysis 23 Using Big Data to Track Inequalities 27 Addressing Unequal Footing in Social Capital 27 Fair Work Across Industries and Occupations 27 Conclusions: Implications for a New Economic Agenda 30 Improving Health Outcomes 30 Improving Education Access and Quality, and Embracing Lifelong Learning 30 Enhancing Social Protection 31 Reforming Taxation and the mix of public spending 31 The Role of Businesses 32 Notes 33 References 34 Economy Profiles 37 Appendix A: Estimating the Opportunity Cost of Low Social Mobility 202 Appendix B: Methodology and Technical Notes 205 Computation and Composition of the Social Mobility Index 205 Computation of Progress Scores and Frontier Values 207 Contributors and Acknowledgements 215 Klaus Schwab Globalization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution have generated great benefits to society, raising the living standards of billions and lifting millions out of poverty. But they have also exacerbated inequalities in our societies. Inequality is rising even in those countries that have experienced rapid growth. The social and economic consequences of inequality are profound and far-reaching: a growing sense of unfairness, precarity, perceived loss of identity and dignity, weakening social fabric, eroding trust in institutions, disenchantment with political processes, and an erosion of the social contract. The response mu