独立写作2正文段落扩展.pptVIP

因果法（Cause and Effect） 因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。例： Four patterns of cause-effect relationship Single-cause-single-effect pattern Single-cause-many-effects pattern Many-causes-single-effect pattern Causal chain pattern Effect one Cause Effect two Effect three Tree diagram of single-cause-many effects Outline 1: (side-by-side pattern) 1. The cause: I went back to college after ten years of being a housewife. 2. Negative effects: a. My husband feels worried; b. My children have less care from their mother than before; c. I do not have enough time to take care of the family. 3. Positive effects: a. My husband is learning to look after his children; b. My children are learning to be more independent; c. I am learning a lot and becoming more intelligent. Outline 2: (point-by-point method) The cause: I went back to college after ten years of being a housewife. 2. The effects on my husband: My husband feels worried, but he is learning to look after his children. 3. The effects on my children Though my children have less care from their mother than before, they are learning to be more independent. 4. The effects on myself I do not have enough time to take care of the family. However, I am learning a lot and becoming more intelligent. Cause one Effect Cause two Cause three Tree diagram of many-causes-single-effect Effect: Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit. Causes: 1) The cost of cigarettes is high. 2) The hidden cost of clean-up of clothing stuffs, furniture and carpet is high. Tree diagram of causal chain: ( cause 1) ? ( effect 1) = ( cause 2 ) ? (effect 2) = (cause 3)