离散数学课件1.51.61.7Rule of inferenceMethods of Proof.pptVIP

* * Show that the premises : “Everyone in New Jersey lives within 50 miles of the ocean,” “Someone in New Jersey has never seen the ocean” imply the conclusion “Someone who lives within 50 miles of the ocean has never seen the ocean.” Example 8 * * Proof Define the predicates: D(x): x is in in New Jersey C(x): x lives within 50 miles of the ocean W(x): x has never seen the ocean Then the premises are ?x[ D(x) ? C(x)] ,?x[D( x) ? W(x)]. The conclusion is ?x[C( x) ? W(x)]. * * The proof is 1. ?x[D( x) ? W(x)] Hypothesis 1 2. D( c) ? W(c) step 1 and EI 3. ?x[ D(x) ? C(x)] Hypothesis 2 4. D(c) ? C(c) step 3 and UI 5. D(c) step 2 and sinplification 6. C(c) steps 5 and 4 and modus ponens 7. W(c) step 2 and sinplification 8. C(c) ? W(c) steps 6 and 7 and conjunction 9. ?x[C( x) ? W(x)] step 8 and EG Q. E. D. * * Prove that the following argument is valid. The premises are The conclusion is Example 9 * * The proof is ?xA( x) Hypothesis ?xA( x) ? ?x(A(x)?B(x) ? R(x)) Hypothesis ?x(A(x)?B(x) ? R(x)) steps 1 and 2 and modus ponens A(c) step 1 and EI A(c)?B(c) step 4 and Addition A(c)?B(c) ? R(c) step 3 and UI R(c) steps 6 and 7 and modus ponens * Qiong Chen, South China University of Technology * ?xB( x) Hypothesis B(d) step 8 and EI A(d)?B(d) step 9 and Addition A(d)?B(d) ? R(d) step 3 and UI R(d) steps 10 and 11 and modus ponens R(c) ?R(d) steps 7 and 12 and Conjunction ?x ?y(R(x) ?R(y)) step 13 and EG * * Methods of proving theorems We wish to establish the truth of “theorem” p?q p may be a conjunction of the other hypotheses. p ? q is a conjecture until a proof is produced. Direct proof