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C COUNTERING IRAN IN THE GRAY ZONE Executive Summary Iran-U.S. Conflict in the Gray Zone 06 The Israeli Campaign between the Wars 10 Lessons for the United States from the Mabam Campaign 18 Applying Lessons Learned to the U.S. Strikes against Kata’ib Hezbollah and Qassim Soleimani 20 Conclusion SExecutive Summary S ince the Islamic Revolution in 1979 and especially since the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran has become highly proficient in using its surrogates and proxies across the Middle East as a tool to achieve its interests while avoiding direct conflict with the United States. Success