竞争性市场与一般均衡概述.pptxVIP

微观经济学(平狄克，鲁宾费尔德，第四版)LECTURE 5 竞争性市场与一般均衡 一、竞争性市场 完全竞争市场 完全竞争市场的条件：价格接受者：单个厂商产出占市场总供给的很小份额，因此无法影响市场价格；单个消费者购买的产品占市场需求的很小份额，因此无法影响市场价格。产品同质性：所有厂商的产品是完全可替代的。自由进出入：买方可无成本地从一个厂商转向另一个厂商；厂商可无成本进入退出某个产业。 财富效应消费者剩余和厂商剩余：在一个竞争性市场中的各自份额 ，PP5；政府政策的财富效应： 因政府干预市场而导致的收益或损失，通过消费者剩余和厂商剩余的增减得到衡量。 政府制定价格高限，产生无谓损失。PP6当消费者的需求具有足够低的弹性时，政府限价在降低厂商剩余的同时，还可能给消费者带来消费者剩余的绝对下降 。PP7政府制定价格低限，同样产生无谓损失。PP8 10ConsumerSurplusS7Between 0 and Q0 consumers A and Breceive a net gain from buying the product--consumer surplus5ProducerSurplusBetween 0 and Q0 producers receive a net gain from selling each product--producer surplus.DQ0Consumer AConsumer BConsumer CConsumer and Producer SurplusPrice0QuantityChange in Consumer andProducer Surplus from Price ControlsSuppose the governmentimposes a price ceiling Pmaxwhich is below the market-clearing price P0.SDeadweight LossThe gain to consumers isthe difference betweenthe rectangle A and thetriangle B.BP0CAThe loss to producers isthe sum of rectangleA and triangle C. TriangleB and C together measurethe deadweight loss.PmaxDQ1Q0Q2PriceQuantityIf demand is sufficientlyinelastic, triangle B can be larger than rectangleA and the consumer suffers a net loss fromprice controls.DBSP0CExampleOil price controlsand gasoline shortagesin 1979APmaxQ1Q2Effect of Price ControlsWhen Demand Is InelasticPriceQuantityWhen price is regulated to be no lower than P2 only Q3will be demanded. Thedeadweight loss is givenby triangles B and CSP2ABP0CWhat would the deadweightloss be if QS = Q2?DQ3Q0Q2Welfare Loss When PriceIs Held Above Market-Clearing LevelPriceQuantity竞争性市场的效率 市场失灵：外部性：市场价格无法反映的成本收益内容；信息缺失：不完美信息导致消费者无法做出效用最大化决策。在这种情况下政府干预市场将有可能增进效率；相反，在市场并未失灵的情况下政府干预将导致市场效率降低和无谓损失。 If producers produce Q2, the amount Q2 - Q3will go unsold.SThe change in producersurplus will beA - C - D. Producersmay be worse off.PminABP0CDDQ3Q0Q2Price MinimumPriceQuantityFirms are not allowed topay less than wmin. Thisresults in unemployment.SwminABThe deadweight lossis given by triangles B and C.w