水溶液平衡的应用.ppt

Applications of Aqueous Equilibria 第八章 水溶液平衡的應用 Jwu-Ting Chen 陳 竹 亭 Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan 106, jtchen@ntu.edu.tw * * Acid-base reactions, solubility, complex ions formation often in equilibria in aqueous solutions 酸鹼反應、溶解度、錯離子形成等都經常在水溶液中達成平衡 Beginning Stability of the Chemical Species is the driving force 化學物質的穩定度是反應方向的決定因素 Aqueous equilibria are the foundation of environmental chemistry, biochemistry, agricultural chemistry, etc. 水溶液平衡是環境化學、生物化學、農業化學等領域的基礎 Most chemistry of the natural word occurs in aqueous solutions 水是自然界中生命活動的主要劇場，也是化學反應的主要舞台 Common Ion Effect 共同離子效應 HA(CHA)/NaA(CNaA) CHA - x CNaA+ x x If CHA & CNaA >> x CNaA CNaA Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation NH3(CNH3)/NH4Cl(CNH4Cl) CNH3 - x CNH4Cl+ x x If CNH3 & CNH4Cl >> x CNH4Cl CNH4Cl A solution that is able to maintain an approximately constant pH 能夠維持pH值近乎不變的溶液，譬如血液 Buffer solution 緩衝溶液 Resist change in pH upon addition of small amount of strong acid or base,even strong ones 溶液能抵抗外加的酸或鹼，而維持其 pH值幾乎 不變者 Independent of dilution 溶液雖經稀釋，卻能維持其pH值幾乎不變者 Preparation 緩衝溶液的製備 1 Weak acid or weak base and its corresponding salt 弱酸或弱鹼與其同離子鹽類以大致相當的莫耳 比例混合者 2 Strong acid (or base) with weak base (or weak acid) 強酸與弱鹼中和或強鹼與弱酸中和至莫耳比例 大致接近0.1~10者 Exact Treatment of Buffered solutions 緩衝溶液的數學 mass balance質量平衡: [HA]0 + [A-]0 = [HA] + [A-]…(式1) charge balance電荷平衡: [H+] + [Na+] = [OH -] + [A-]…(式2) 由式2 … 代入式1 … The number of moles of strong acid or base that is required to cause a unit change in pH in 1 L buffer solution 改變1升緩衝溶液1單位的pH值時，所需要的 強酸或強鹼的莫耳數 Many factors such as temperature, ionic strength, solvent, colloidal particles might cause a shift in color range of one or more pH units. 溫度、離子強度、溶劑、膠體粒子等因素都 可能造成影響 Buffer Capacity 緩衝容量 How much change will occur, when 0.01 mol of H+