Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance：26章液体，电解质，酸碱平衡.ppt

Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Body Water Content Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are 73% or more water Total water content declines throughout life Healthy males are about 60% water; healthy females are around 50% This difference reflects females’: Higher body fat Smaller amount of skeletal muscle In old age, only about 45% of body weight is water Fluid Compartments Water occupies two main fluid compartments Intracellular fluid (ICF) – about two thirds by volume, contained in cells Extracellular fluid (ECF) – consists of two major subdivisions Plasma – the fluid portion of the blood Interstitial fluid (IF) – fluid in spaces between cells Other ECF – lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions Fluid Compartments Composition of Body Fluids Water is the universal solvent Solutes are broadly classified into: Electrolytes – inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins Nonelectrolytes – examples include glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes Water moves according to osmotic gradients Electrolyte Concentration Expressed in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L), a measure of the number of electrical charges in one liter of solution mEq/L = (concentration of ion in [mg/L]/the atomic weight of ion) ? number of electrical charges on one ion For single charged ions, 1 mEq = 1 mOsm For bivalent ions, 1 mEq = 1/2 mOsm Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids Each fluid compartment of the body has a distinctive pattern of electrolytes Extracellular fluids are similar (except for the high protein content of plasma) Sodium is the chief cation Chloride is the major anion Intracellular fluids have low sodium and chloride Potassium is the chief cation Phosphate is the chief anion Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids Sodium a