生物化学英语课件／02b Basic equations two substrates.ppt

Bisubstrate Enzymes Most enzymatic reactions involve two substrates where many of these are either transferase reactions or oxidation/reduction reactions. A + B P + Q Terminology (W.W. Cleland): Substrates are designated A, B, C, and D in the order they bind to the enzyme. Products are designated P, Q, R, and S in the order they leave the enzyme. Stable enzyme forms are designated E, F, G with E being the free enzyme. The number of reactants and products in the reaction are specified by the terms Uni (one), Bi (two), Ter (three) and Quad (four). For example, a reaction that uses one substrate and generates three products is called a “uni-ter” reaction. Bi Bi reactions These reactions fall into two groups, Sequential and Ping Pong These names indicate whether the reactants must bind to the enzyme at the same time for the reaction to occur (Sequential) or if a product must leave before the second reactant can bind (Ping Pong) Sequential reactions: In these reactions, both reactants must be on the enzyme for the reaction to occur. If this is a group transfer, the implication is that the group is transferred directly between the two reactants. These reactions are subclassified as “ordered” or “random” based on the binding of the substrates to the enzyme. In Cleland notation, the enzyme is represented by a horizontal line. Addition of substrate and release of product is represented by a vertical line. Enzyme intermediate species are indicated below the horizontal line and the rate constant for each step is indicated. In sequential ordered Bi Bi reactions, the substrates A and B are termed “leading” and “following”, respectively. This type of reaction is seen in many dehydrogenases where NAD+ or NADP+ binds first followed by the binding of the second substrate. The sequential binding is a consequence of the orientation of the substrates in the active site. Alcohol dehydrogenase: The ethanol analog lies on top of the NAD+ and towards the solvent-s