英文工程流体力学第六章.ppt

* Chapter 6 Compressible flow Introduction When is a flow compressible? Pressure Fluid element Pathline A compressible flow differs from an incompressible one in that significant change happens in the density. Density of a fluid element increases or decreases as the pressure does in compressible flow When is compressibility important? When a fluid moves at high speed, density changes become significant - flow speed - sound speed Ma0.3 incompressible Ma0.3 compressible Examples of high speed flow Ma=0.85 Ma=2.35 Ma=4 Ma=25 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Flow speed in a typical aeroengine History Untill the late 1930s, engineers could ignore the compressibility of air Aerodynamics, a subject to compressible gas and air flow,makes possible the remarkable progress in modern aeronautics and astronautics Ernst Mach Prandtl von Karman Distinctive features of compressible flow Shock wave Supersonic nozzle Laval Nozzle Ma1 Ma1 Assumptions for compressible flow Internal energy u and enthalpy h: Adiabatic flow with negligible heat transfer Reversible process with fluid friction being neglected isentropic flow Perfect gas Specific heat ration: For isentropic flow: Bernoulli equation for compressible flow For two arbitrary points 1, 2 along a streamline in steady flow The rate of propagation of a pressure pulse of infinitesimal strength through a still fluid X V=0 t=0 X+dX dV c X V=0 t=dt c t=Ndt The speed of sound *