材料导论 (52)材料导论.pdf

Materials cycle 材料环 Today, we are introducing Materials Cycle. As we know, all the materials will experience from raw materials extraction, synthesis, processing, production, use, disposal or recycle, we call this as materials cycle. Generally，the materials cycle can be broken into six stages ：1) Extracting raw materials ；2）Creating Bulk materials; 3）Manufacturing engineered materials ；4）Fabricating products and systems ；5） Service of products and systems; 6）Recycling and Disposal. 译文： 今天我们介绍材料环。我们知道，所有的材料通常要经历从原材料提取、合成、 加工、制造成产品、使用到废弃或回收利用的过程，我们把这个过程称作材料环。 通常来讲，材料环分成六个步骤：1）原材料的提取；2）生产散装物料；3）制 备工程材料；4）产品和系统制造；5）产品服役期；6）回收处理。第六步完成 后重新进入下一个循环，这一过程可以看作是一个循环圈。在这样一个材料的循 环过程中，我们需要重视其中的资源、环境及工程问题。 一，Sustainability 可持续发展 Many materials that we use are derived from resources that are nonrenewable—that is, not capable of being regenerated. These include most polymers, for which the prime raw material is oil, and some metals. These nonrenewable resources are gradually becoming depleted. It has been estimated that worldwide, about 15 billion tons of raw materials are extracted from the earth every year. Over time, it is becoming more apparent that the earth is virtually a closed system and that its resources are finite. With the development of the society, the available resources become scarcer, and greater attention must be paid to more effective use of these resources relative to the materials cycle. 译文： 我们目前使用的很多材料是从不可再生资源得到的。比如许多聚合物材料，它们 都是从石油加工中得来的。这些不可再生的资源总有一天会消耗殆尽。有数据显 有缘学习更多驾卫星ygd3076 示，每年地球上有 150 亿吨的原材料被开采利用。地球上的这些不可再生资源， 比如石油、煤炭等，终究将会开采完毕。也就是说，我们应该重视材料的可持续 发展问题，因为地球的资源是有限的。 Furthermore, energy must be supplied at each cycle stage; It has been estimated that approximately one-half of the energy consumed by manufacturing industries goes to produce and fabricate materials. However, energy is a resource that, to some degree, is limited in supply, and measures must be tak