材料导论 (35)材料导论.pdf

Video 5: Amorphous or Crystalline State of Polymers Now, let ’s talk about the solid state of polymers. Structurally, materials in solid state may be amorphous or crystalline. We all know that substances having small molecules (such as water, CO2 and methane) are normally totally crystalline as solids, or totally amorphous as liquids. In contrast, polymers are macro-molecules with high-molecular weight, and may have a wide molecular weight distribution. Therefore, the concept of crystallinity in polymers must be different from that in low-molecular-weight substances. 今天讲固态聚合物形态。 从结构上讲，固态材料可呈无定形和结晶两种形态。 固态小分子物质如水、二氧化碳和甲烷通常可呈完全结晶形态，而液相则是完全 无定形的。 相比而言，聚合物分子量很高，且具有一定分子量分布。因此，聚合物的结晶与 小分子物质的结晶不同。 When polymers are cooled from the molten state or concentrated from a dilute solution, their chains could be randomly twisted, coiled and entangled. This twisting, coiling prevents the strict ordering of polymer chains, resulting in a disorder arrangement of polymer chains, only a short-range order of repeating units. Consequently, we can only get an amorphous solid. This is a common situation for polymers in solid state. Possibly, individual polymer chains are folded (back and forth) on themselves and packed in a regular manner or in an orderly fashion. This will form a three-dimensional long-range ordered arrangement, that is, a crystalline structure of polymer. 熔融态聚合物冷却时，或聚合物稀溶液浓缩时，分子链会随机蜷缩、缠绕。这种 卷曲、缠结会阻止分子链有序排列，使分子链呈无序排布，只有重复单元结构可 做短程有序排布。因此，通常固态聚合物呈无定形状态。 当然，单根分子量也有可能自己来回折叠，以有序方式规整堆积，形成三维、长 程有序排布，即形成聚合物结晶结构。 But, in fact, since polymer chains are very long, they have high molecular weights, wide distributions of molecular weight, and complex structures, It is impossible for the chains to fit into a perfect arrangement as that observed in low- molecular-weight materials. Polymer molecules are often only partially crystalline or semi-crystalline. Almost no polymer is 100% crystalline. 实际上，聚合物分子量高、分布宽，分子链很长