台湾休闲农业课程教材生态系统.pptxVIP

P1 组成成员和过程;水生生态系统;The ecosystem concept was proposed by Tansley in 1935, and was originally defined to include all the animals, plants and physical interactions of a defined space. Modern ecologists tend to think of ecosystems in terms of energy flow, carbon flow or nutrient cycles. ;生态系统成分;The bodies of living organisms within a unit area constitute a standing crop of biomass: the mass of organisms per unit area of organisms per unit area of ground (or water), usually expressed in units of energy or dry organic matter (e.g. tons ha-1). The great majority of biomass in a terrestrial community I is the rate at which biomass is produced per unit area by plants, the primary producers. The total fixation of energy by photosynthesis is referred to as gross primary productivty (GPP) of which a proportion (R) is lost form the community as respiration. The difference between GPP and R is known as net primary productivity (NPP) and represents the rate of production of new biomass that is available for consumption by heterotrophic organisms (bacteria, fungi and animals). The production of biomass by heterotrophs is called secondary production.;生态系统与 热力学定律;The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The second law of thermodynamics states that every transformation results in a reduction of the free energy of the system. Because energy transformation cannot be 100% efficient (from the second law), heterotrophs must have less energy,and must therefore be rater than the plants they feed on. The complexity of ecological interactions means that it is not possible to construct predictive mathematical models of living systems based on these laws of thermodynamics.;转换效率;;The proportion of net primary production that flows through trophic levels depends on transfer efficiencies in the way energy is used and passed from one step to the next. A knowledge of just three categories of transfer efficiency is all that is required to understand th