光电子学与光子学的原理及应用s.o.kasa chapter4课后答案.pdfVIP

Solutions Manual for Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices S.O. Kasap 4 . 1 15 April 2002 Chapter 4 4 . 1 The He-Ne Laser The He-Ne laser system energy levels can be quite complicated as shown in Figure 4Q1. There are a number of lasing emissions in the laser output in the red (632.8 nm), green (543.5 nm), orange (612 nm), yellow (594.1 nm), and in the infrared regions at 1.52 µm and 3.39 µm, which give the He-Ne laser its versatility. The pumping mechanism for all these lasers operations is the same, energy transfer from excited He atoms to Ne atoms by atomic collisions in the gas discharge tube. There are two excited states for the He atom in the configuration 1s1 2 2s . The configuration with electron spins parallel has a lower energy than that with opposite electron spins as indicated in Figure 4Q1. These 5 1 5 1 two He states can excite Ne atoms to either the 2p 4s or 2p 5s . There is then a population inversion 5 1 5 1 5 1 between these levels and the 2p 3p and between 2p 5s and 2p 4p which leads to the above lasing transitions. Generally, we do not have a single discrete level for the energy of a many-electron atom of 5 1 given n,l configuration. For example, the atomic configuration 2p 3p has 10 closely spaced energy levels resulting from various different values of m and m that can assigned to the sixth excited electron l s 1 5 (3p ) and the remaini