材料塑性教案.ppt

塑性（plasticity） The stress is not proportional to strain, and permanent, unrecoverable deformation 材料在外应力去除后仍保持部分应变的特性。 .......... * 延展性（Ductility) 材料发生塑性变形而不发生断裂的能力。 It is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture. .......... * 脆性（brittle） A material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture is termed brittle. 只有弹性形变，无塑性 形变或塑性形变很小。 .......... * 韧性（toughness） Toughness is a mechanical term that is used in several contexts;loosely speaking ,it is a measure of ability of a materials to absorb energy up to fracture. 韧度：使材料发生断裂时所须作的功的量度。 .......... * 塑性 塑性（Plasticity):材料在外应力去除后仍保持部分应变的特性。 延展性（Ductility):材料发生塑性变形而不发生断裂的能力。 强度：材料因断裂或不可逆形变而破坏时的应力 金属材料中金属键没有方向性，滑移系很多，容易发生滑移而产生塑性变形，具有较好的延展性。 无机非金属材料的离子键和共价键具有明显的方向性，滑移系统较少，不易发生塑性变形，延展性一般较差。 .......... * .......... * 塑性变形的机理plastic deformation mechanisms 滑移和孪晶是晶体塑性变形的两种基本形式。 plastic deformation mechanisms for crystalline are slip and twinning .......... * 无机非金属材料的离子键和共价键具有明显的方向性，同号离子相遇，斥力极大，只有个别的滑移系能满足位错运动的几何条件和静电作用条件，不易发生塑性变形，延展性一般较差。 高温时位错运动速度快，使得Al2O3等在室温下不易滑移的脆性材料，在温度大于1000℃以上，也能产生一定程度的塑性变形。 .......... * Crystalline ceramics For crystalline ceramics, plastic deformation occurs,as with metals,by the motion of dislocation. One reason for the hardness and brittleness of these materials is the difficulty of slip. For crystalline ceramic materials for which the bonding is predominantly ionic,there are very few slip systems along which dislocations may move. .......... * This is a consequence of the electrically charged nature of the ions. For slip in some directions, ions of like charge are brought into close proximity to one another, because of electrostatic repulsion, this mode of slip is very restricted.( this is not a problem in metal; since all atoms are electrically neutral) .......... * On the other hand, for ceramics in which the bonding is highly covalent, slip is also difficult and they are brittle for the following reasons:(1) the covalent