医学科学的研究概述精品.ppt

医学科学研究概述  GRADE A PASTEURIZED HOMOGE VITAMINDMIL Figure 1.3 The growth of Knowledge James D. Watson and Francis w. Crick are theoretical scientists who, Figure 1.5 1953, determined the structure of the dNa molecule, which contains the genetic information of a cell. This photograph shows Louis Pasteur and Pasteurized Milk the model of DNA they constructed. The discovery of the structure Louis Pasteur(1822-1895) performed many experiments while he of the DNA molecule was followed by much research into how the studied the question of the origin of life, one of which led directly to molecule codes information, how it makes copies of itself, and how the food-preservation method now known as pasteurization the information is put into action.  figure 1.7 Nine out of Ten Doctors Surveyed Recommend Brand X It is bvious that there are many things wrong with this statement First of all, is the person in the white coat a physician? Second, if only Figure 1. 4 10 doctors were asked, the sample size is too small. Third, only selected doctors might have been asked to participate. Finally, the question could have been asked in such a way as to obtain the desired answer: Would you recommend brand X over Dr. Petes the mixture in the vat snake oil?o  科学的定义与特征 ◆么是科学 分科的专门知识 是运用系统的方法处理问题,发现 事实变化的真相,探求其原理原则 的学问 映自然、社会、思维的客观规律 的利的知识体系《河  个要项 (1)问题是科学研究的对象 (2)方法是科学研究的手段 (3)目的是科学研究的目标  ◆科学研究的特征 是从科学方法上表现出来的 采用的工具 实施的程序 资料的分析 结果的呈现 测体温  ◆科学方法的特征 (1)客观性 objectivity (2)验证性 veritication (3)系统性 systematization 采用的工具;实施的程序;资料的分 结果的呈现(汤默)  ◆科学的有限性 手段 重复 系统  Earth Earth stationary Scientists thought that the Sun revolved around the Earth. We now know that the Earth rotates on its axis and also revolves around the Sun Figure 1. 8 Science Must Be Willing to Challenge Previous Beliefs Science always must be aware that new discoveries may force a reinterpretation of previously held beliefs. Early scientists thought that the Sur revolved aroun